Chinese Cities - Xi'an
Xi’an, or “镐” for short, was called 长安 and 镐京 in ancient times. It is the provincial capital, sub-provincial cities, megacities, and core cities of the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration. It is an important central city in western China approved by the State Council and an important national scientific research, Education, industrial base. As of 2019, the city has 11 districts and 2 counties, with a total area of 10,752 square kilometers, a built-up area of 700.69 square kilometers, a permanent population of 10,203,500, an urban population of 7,612,800, and an urbanization rate of 74.61%.
Xi'an is located in the Guanzhong Plain in central, north near the Weihe River, south Qinling, eight water Yun Chang, UNESCO established in 1981 "world-historic city", it is one of the cradles of Chinese civilization and the Chinese nation, Silk Road starting point, there have been more than a dozen dynasties in the history of this capital, Fenggao capital, Qin Fanggong, terracotta, Han Weiyang, Changle, Sui Daxing City, Tang Ming Gong, Xingqing Palace, etc. outline the "Chang'an Complex".
Xi'an is China's best tourist destination and one of China’s best international images. Two six heritage sites have been included in the "World Heritage List", namely: Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors, Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, Small Yan Pagoda, the site of Daming Palace in Chang'an City of Tang Dynasty, the site of Weiyang Palace in Chang'an City of Han Dynasty, Xingjiao Temple Tower. There are also scenic spots such as Xi'an City Wall, Bell and Drum Tower, Huaqing Pond, Zhongnan Mountain, Datang Furong Garden, Shaanxi History Museum, Forest of Steles, and other attractions. Xi'an has 7 "double first-class" construction universities, including Xi'an Jiaotong University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, and Xidian University.
In February 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the " Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration Development Plan " to support Xi'an in building a national central city, an international comprehensive transportation hub, and an international metropolis with historical and cultural characteristics.
Geographical environment
position
Xi'an City is located in the Guanzhong Basin in the middle of the Weihe River Basin, between 107.40 degrees to 109.49 degrees east longitude and 33.42 degrees to 34.45 degrees north latitude, bordering the Weihe River and the Loess Plateau in the north, and the Qinling Mountains in the south. It is bounded by Linghe and Bayuan Mountain in the east, connected with Huazhou District, Weinan City, Shangzhou and Luonan County in Weinan City; bounded by Taibai Mountain and Qinghua Loess Plateau in the west, bordered by Meixian and Taibai County; South to the main ridge of the North Qinling Mountains, dividing the boundaries with Foping County, Ningshan County, and Zhashui County; north to Weihe, northeast across Weihe, and Xianyang City, Yangling District and Sanyuan, Jingyang, Xingping, Wugong, Fufeng, Fu The equal counties (cities) are adjacent. The jurisdiction is about 204 kilometers long from east to west and 116 kilometers wide from north to south.
topography
The geological structure of Xi'an city spans two major units, the Qinling trough fold belt and the North China platform. About 130 million years ago, during the Yanshan Movement, a large fault spanning the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains occurred. Since the late Tertiary period about 3 million years ago, the neotectonic movement in the Qinling go through fold belt south of the large fault has been extremely active. The mountains rise sharply from the north to the south, creating the Qinling Mountains. At the same time, the Weihe rift, which belongs to the North China platform to the north of the Great Fault, continued to settle, forming the Weihe Plain under the combined effect of the aeolian loess cover and the alluvial deposits of the Weihe River.
The difference in altitude in Xi'an is the highest among all cities in the country. The majestic and steep Qinling Mountains with peaks and beautiful peaks are clearly demarcated from the open, flat and fertile Weihe Plain, which constitutes the main landform of Xi'an. The main ridge of the Qinling Mountains has an elevation of 2,000 to 2,800 meters, of which the southwestern tip of Taibai Mountain has an elevation of 3,867 meters, which is the highest mountain in the central part of the mainland. The Weihe Plain is 400 to 700 meters above sea level, of which the lowest part of the Weihe River bed in the northeast is 345 meters above sea level. The urban area of Xi'an was built on the secondary terraces of the Weihe Plain.
hydrology
The river network in Xi'an is dense, with 54 rivers in total. Among them, the Weihe, Jinghe and Shichuan rivers are passing rivers. The rest of the rivers originate in the Qinling Mountains or the hills of Southeast Li. Most of the rivers flow from south to north through the Weihe Plain and into the Weihe River. The area of the Yellow River Basin accounts for 98.46% of the city's total area.
The river basins in Xi'an vary greatly in area. There are Heihe, Bahe and Fenghe rivers with a basin area of more than 1,000 square kilometers. The drainage area of the above three rivers accounts for 82.37% of the total area in the territory.
The branch on the south side of the Weihe River originating from the Qinling Mountains. The north slope of the Qinling Mountains is steep, with deep valleys and alternating valleys and peaks. The river has the following structural characteristics:
One is that the flow direction is mostly southeast-northwest. The river twists southward along the gully in the Qinling Mountains. After exiting the valley, it flows from the southeast to the northwest along the topographical slope. The geological structural fault zone also runs roughly from the southeast to the northwest. The Ba, Chan, and Feng rivers all flow along the strike of the fault zone.
Second, the vertical decline of the river course is greater. When the upper reaches of the rivers flow through the Qinling Mountains, the valleys are deep, steep, and rapid. After exiting the valley, the middle reaches cuts through the piedmont alluvial sloping plain, the slope is reduced, and the water flow is slower.
The third is that the downstream river channel swings significantly and has the characteristics of wandering rivers. The Wei River continues to move northward, the Ba River swings from east to west, and the Feng River evolves from west to east, flooding alternately, forming a flaky spread of ancient river channels, frontier beaches and heart flats.
Fourth, the upper reaches of the river are tortuous and deep, with many canyons and rapids. There are as many as 70 Yukou on the north side of the Qinling Mountains.
Fifth, the accumulation of riverbed is obvious. From the source of the river to the estuary, as the slope decreases, the river's sediment-carrying capacity decreases, and the suspended matter forms a regular accumulation and distribution along the river downstream.
The uneven distribution of runoff in time and space is a notable feature common to rivers in Xi'an. The difference in runoff between wet years and dry years is 4 to 7 times. The annual runoff difference of some mountain tributaries is up to 10 times, and some rivers even dry up in dry years. The annual runoff of the river also varies greatly. In the dry season of February each year, the runoff is only 2% of the annual total, and there are occasional interruptions. The runoff during the flood season from July to October accounts for 45% of the annual total. 56%.
climate
The plains of Xi'an City belong to the warm temperate zone and semi-humid continental monsoon climate, with four distinct seasons: cold, warm, dry and wet. Winter is cold, windy, foggy, less rain and snow; spring is warm, dry, windy, and climate changeable; summer is hot and rainy, droughts are prominent, thunderstorms and winds are frequent; autumn is cool, temperature drops rapidly, and autumn showers are obvious. The annual average temperature is 13. 0℃~13.7℃, the coldest January average temperature is -1.2℃~0.0℃, and the hottest July average temperature is 26.3℃~26.6℃.
The annual precipitation is 522.4~719.5 mm, increasing from north to south. July and September are two obvious precipitation peak months. The annual sunshine hours are 1646. 1~ 214.9 hours. The annual dominant wind direction varies from place to place. Xi'an city is northeast wind, Zhouzhi and Huxian are westerly winds, Gaoling and Lintong are east-northeast winds, Chang'an is southeast wind, and Lantian is northwest. wind. Meteorological disasters include drought, continuous rain, heavy rain, floods, urban waterlogging, hail, gale, hot dry wind, high temperature, thunder and lightning, sand and dust, heavy fog, haze, cold wave, low temperature and freezing damage.
Population and nation
population
At the end of 2019, the city’s permanent population was 10,203,500, a net increase of 199,800 over the end of 2018, of which the male population was 5.2146 million, accounting for 51.1%; the female population was 4,988,900, accounting for 48.9%, and the sex ratio was 104.5 ( Take women as 100, the ratio of men to women). In the whole year, there were 124,500 births with a birth rate of 12.32‰; 55,900 deaths with a death rate of 5.53‰; the natural growth rate was 6.79‰. The urban population was 7,612,800, accounting for 74.61% of the permanent population (resident population urbanization rate); the rural population was 2,590,700, accounting for 25.39%.
nation
Xi'an is a city where many Nationalities are scattered. As of 2012, there are 53 Nationalities in the city, of which 52 are a few Nationalities, with a population of 97,800 permanent residents, accounting for 1.15% of the total population. Among the minority nationalities, the Hui population has the largest population, with 64,216 people, accounting for 75.28% of the minority nationality's total population. There are 5 other nationalities with 10,000 to 1,000 people, including 9,928 Manchu, 3,086 Mongolian, 1133 Korean, 1201 Zhuang, and 1,060 Tujia. There are 3 nationalities with 1,000-500 people, respectively. There are 848 Tibetans, 690 Uyghurs, and 655 Miaos; there are 7 nationalities between 500 and 100; 33 nationalities with less than 100 people, and 29 unidentified nationalities. Lianhu District has the largest minority nationality population, with more than 35,000 people, including 32,000 Hui people; Lantian County has the least, with 146 people.
Education
Xi'an is the city with the highest density of higher education and higher education in China. It has an important position in the country and is one of China's five major education and scientific research centers. As of the end of 2019, there were 75 higher education schools in the city, including 63 regular colleges and universities and 12 adult colleges and universities. There are 1,373,600 students in various types of higher education and 396,800 graduates. Among them, there are 738,600 students in regular colleges and universities (undergraduates) and 191,800 graduates. There are also 43 postgraduate training institutions, more than 60 academicians of the two academies, 132,000 students, and 28,600 graduates. Among the universities, there are 2 "985 Project" universities, 7 "211 Project" universities (including the Air Force Military Medical University), and Xi'an Academy of Fine Arts, Xi'an Conservatory of Music, Xi'an Institute of Physical Education, and other specialties. Universities.
The strength of Xi'an private universities should not be underestimated. Among the top 30 Xi'an in the "Alumni Association 2018 Top 150 Private Universities in China", Xi'an accounts for 5, among which Eurasia ranks 4th in the country and Peihua ranks 9th in the country.
| School Name | Competent authority | School-level | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese People's Liberation Army Frontier and Coastal Defense Academy | army | Undergraduate | - |
| Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force Engineering University | air force | - | |
| Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force Military Medical University | air force | World-class discipline construction universities | |
| Xi'an Flight Academy of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force | air force | - | |
| Chinese People's Liberation Army Rocket Force Engineering University | Rocket Army | - | |
| Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University | Armed police force | - | |
| Xi'an Jiaotong University | Ministry of Education | Building a world-class university | |
| Northwestern Polytechnical University | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology | Building a world-class university | |
| Xidian University | Ministry of Education | World-class discipline construction universities | |
| Changan University | Ministry of Education | World-class discipline construction universities | |
| Shaanxi Normal University | Ministry of Education | World-class discipline construction universities | |
| Northwest University | Shaanxi Province | World-class discipline construction universities | |
| Xi'an University of Technology | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Shaanxi University of Science and Technology | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an University of Science and Technology | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an International Studies University | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an Academy of Fine Arts | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Northwest University of Political Science and Law | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| XiAn Industrial University | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an Polytechnic University | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an Shiyou University | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an University of Posts | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an University of Finance and Economics | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an Conservatory of Music | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an Institute of Physical Education | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an University of Arts and Science | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an Aeronautical Institute | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an Medical College | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Shaanxi Preschool Teachers College | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an Peihua University | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Eurasia University | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an University of Foreign Affairs | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Institute of Translation and Interpretation | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xijing College | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Siyuan College | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Jiaotong Engineering Institute | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Automobile Vocational University | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Vocational University of Information Technology | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| City College of Xi'an Jiaotong University | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Northwestern University Modern College | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Huaqing College, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xingzhi College of Xi'an University of Finance and Economics | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Institute of Business and Technology | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Innovation College of Yan'an University | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Chang'an College, Xidian University | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Mingde Institute of Technology | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xinghua College of Chang'an University | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| School of High Technology, Xi'an University of Technology | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| High-tech College of Xi'an University of Science and Technology | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Electric Power Technical College | Shaanxi Province | Specialist | - |
| Shaanxi National Defense Industry Vocational and Technical College | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an Aviation Vocational and Technical College | Shaanxi Province | National Demonstrative Higher Vocational College | |
| Shaanxi Transportation Vocational and Technical College | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Shaanxi Vocational and Technical College | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Shaanxi Police Officer Vocational College | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Shaanxi Vocational and Technical College of Economics and Management | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an Railway Vocational and Technical College | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an Vocational and Technical College | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Shaanxi Youth Vocational College | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Shaanxi Vocational College of Industry and Commerce | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Shaanxi Vocational College of Art | Shaanxi Province | - | |
| Xi'an High-tech Vocational College | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Urban Construction Vocational College | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Shaanxi Vocational and Technical College of Electronics and Information | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Haitang Vocational College | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Oriental Asia-Pacific Vocational and Technical College | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Shaanxi Vocational College of Tourism and Cooking | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education | Private | |
| Xi'an Medical College | Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education |
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